Vapor Pressure Data - Selection-Guides -

The following table contains general recommendations of suitable crucible/source combinations for the most commonly used evaporation materials. These recommendations base on scientific knowledge partly verified and amended by our own experience and customer feedback.

Where more than one source or crucible are suggested for particular evaporants, the choice has to be made based on the specific requirements of the customer’s application. Please inquire in case of doubt.

**Important note:
** Due to the great diversity of applications and system conditions, we take no responsibility for the correctness of the suggestions below.
The values in the table below are quoted from, respectively calculated on the basis of “Karlsruher Nuklidkarte” by Magill, Pfennig, Galy and the IUPAG Periodic Table of Elements. We take no responsibility for the correctness of the given values.

Evaporant		Melting Point [°C]	Temperature [°C] at vapor pressure [mbar]				Crucible materials	Recommended sources
Symbol	Name	Melting Point [°C]	10^-7	10^-5	10^-3	10^-1	Crucible materials	Recommended sources
Ag	Silver	961	618	742	907	1135	PBN	WEZ PEZ
Al	Aluminium	660	745	892	1087	1362	PBN	WEZ PEZ EBV
As	Arsenic	817	122	170	231	312	PBN, PG, Quartz	TCC DECO VTCC VACS NTEZ
Au	Gold	1064	871	1034	1252	1558	PBN	WEZ PEZ EBV HTEZ
B	Boron	2077	1391	1613	1902	2297	PG	EBVV EBV HTEZ HTS-W
Ba	Barium	727	329	424	555	745	PBN, Ta	NTEZ
Be	Beryllium	1287	744	885	1073	1332	PBN, BeO	WEZ PEZ
Bi	Bismuth	271	364	459	586	767	PBN, PG	NTEZ
C	Carbon	3550	1750	1978	2265	2635	-	EBVV SUKO
Ca	Calcium	842	312	399	516	683	PBN	NTEZ
Cd	Cadmium	321	90	142	212	310	PBN, Al2O3	NTEZ
Ce	Cerium	799	1084	1284	1552	1932		HTEZ-W
Co	Cobalt	1495	994	1162	1382	1681	Al2O3, BeO*	EBV HTEZ-W
Cr	Chromium	1907	899	1054	1256	1530	W, Al2O3, BeO	EBV HTEZ-W
Cs	Caesium	28	-2	41	103	195		AKS
Cu	Copper	1084	773	921	1117	1390	PBN	WEZ PEZ HTEZ
Dy	Dysprosium	1412	668	806	991	1254	PG, PBN	WEZ HTEZ NTEZ
Er	Erbium	1529	749	900	1103	1391	PBN, W	WEZ PEZ HTEZ
Eu	Europium	822	317	405	525	696	PBN	NTEZ
Fe	Iron	1538	946	1110	1324	1618	Al2O3, BeO*	WEZ EBV HTEZ-W
Ga	Gallium	29	614	745	921	1172	PBN	WEZ PEZ
Gd	Gadolinium	1313	983	1165	1409	1752	Ta	WEZ HTEZ
Ge	Germanium	938	849	1013	1232	1540	PBN, PG	EBV HTEZ WEZ HTS
Hf	Hafnium	2233	1611	1863	2195	2648		EBV
Hg	Mercury	-38	-61	-29	13	76		HGS
Ho	Holmium	1472	702	846	1039	1313		WEZ EBV
In	Indium	156	525	644	806	1037	PBN	WEZ PEZ
Ir	Iridium	2446	1672	1920	2241	2672		EBV
K	Potassium	63	36	86	155	256	PBN	NTEZ
La	Lanthanum	920	1100	1297	1561	1931	W, Ta	EBVV HTS EBV HTEZ-W
Li	Lithium	180	259	341	452	613	PBN	NTEZ
Lu	Lutetium	1663	1054	1240	1486	1829	Al2O3	HTEZ-W
Mg	Magnesium	650	206	276	369	500	PBN, PG	VCCS TCC VTCC NTEZ
Mn	Manganese	1246	585	703	859	1074	PBN, PG, Al2O3	WEZ PEZ NTEZ
Mo	Molybdenum	2622	1670	1926	2258	2709		EBV
Na	Sodium	97	92	150	229	344	PBN	NTEZ
Nb	Niobium	2477	1831	2097	2440	2899		EBV
Nd	Neodymium	1016	795	958	1180	1500	Ta	WEZ HTEZ
Ni	Nickel	1455	992	1157	1371	1662	BeO	EBVV EBV HTEZ-W
Os	Osmium	3033	2002	2287	2654	3144		EBV
P	Phosphorus	-44	66	105	153	215	PBN	VGCS DECO
Pb	Lead	327	377	478	616	815	PBN, PG, Al2O3	WEZ NTEZ
Pd	Palladium	1554	915	1084	1308	1621	Al2O3, BeO*	EBVV HTS EBV HTEZ-W
Pr	Praseodymium	931	900	1083	1334	1700		EBV HTEZ
Pt	Platinum	1768	1377	1601	1896	2301	PG, BeO	EBVV HTS EBV HTEZ-W
Rb	Rubidium	39	9	55	118	213		AKS
Re	Rhenium	3185	2036	2341	2740	3283		EBV
Rh	Rhodium	1963	1346	1556	1827	2193		HTS EBV HTEZ-W
Ru	Ruthenium	2333	1601	1837	2140	2546		EBV
S	Sulfur	13	-1	33	79	139	Quartz, PBN	VSS PVSS VCS
Sb	Antimony	630	304	380	481	617	PBN	VCCS TCC DECO VTCC NTEZ
Sc	Scandium	1541	877	1036	1245	1533	W	WEZ PEZ HTEZ-W
Se	Selenium	220	79	129	196	288	PG, PBN, Quartz	VSS TCC VTCC OME NTEZ VSCS
Si	Silicon	1414	1063	1246	1489	1823	PBN	WEZ SUSI DEZ EBV
Sm	Samarium	1072	406	506	642	835	PBN	WEZ
Sn	Tin	231	732	883	1088	1380	PBN, PG	WEZ PEZ
Sr	Strontium	777	263	343	452	609	PBN, PG, Ta	NTEZ
Ta	Tantalum	3017	2060	2351	2724	3221		EBV
Tb	Terbium	1359	951	1129	1367	1704		EBV HTEZ
Te	Tellurium	449	194	253	329	430	PG, Al2O3, PBN	VCCS TCC VTCC OME NTEZ
Ti	Titanium	1670	1134	1325	1576	1921	Ta, W, PG	EBV HTEZ HTS-W
Tl	Thallium	304	319	408	529	702	PBN	NTEZ
Tm	Thulium	1545	487	599	749	963	PBN	WEZ
V	Vanadium	1910	1233	1426	1675	2010	W, Ta	EBV HTEZ-W
W	Tungsten	3414	2240	2560	2973	3527		EBV
Y	Yttrium	1522	1033	1217	1461	1800	Al2O3, BeO*	HTS EBV HTEZ-W
Yb	Ytterbium	824	227	301	401	541	PBN, PG	NTEZ
Zn	Zinc	419	147	207	287	398	Al2O3, PBN, PG	VTCC NTEZ
Zr	Zirconium	1854	1533	1775	2091	2524		EBV

* Al₂O₃ below melting point, BeO above melting point
** Please contact us for crucible suggestions